Challenge

To combat hunger, poor diet choices, and improve Americans’ health, policymakers need comprehensive data about the foods purchased or acquired by households for consumption at home and away from home, or through food and nutrition assistance programs. They also need data on food costs and quality, and whether providing respondents with the ability to electronically report their food acquisitions—as opposed to documenting this information in paper diaries—would increase response rates and data quality by lessening the response burden.

To find the answers, the Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) collaborated with Westat to conduct tests to determine if transitioning the Second National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS-2) to an electronic survey would increase response rates by reducing participants’ response burden.

Solution

The Pilot Test conducted in 2015, also called the Alternative Data Collection Method (ADCM) Pilot, involved recruiting households from 12 primary sampling units (PSUs). Included in our samples were recipients of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). For the ADCM, in addition to programming the computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) instruments for this test, Westat developed a web-based diary. Both were accessible to respondents as a smartphone application and through a browser on a computer or a smartphone by which respondents could keep food logs.

For the Field Test conducted in 2022, we developed a native smartphone application, known as FoodLogger. To prepare household members on how to use the app, we created a series of training videos that included guidance in how to log their food acquisitions from stops such as grocery stores, restaurants, and social gatherings, and to log other free and purchased foods obtained over the assigned data collection period. The app was designed to reduce the response burden and increase data quality. Using the gamification theory, household members earned incremental incentives on the completion of each interview and for each day they used the FoodLogger. With the exception of food acquisitions that were self-reported, all other interviews were conducted in person by our field interviewers.

Results

Westat conducted comprehensive analyses of the data from the ADCM Pilot and Field Tests. The Pilot Test results showed that a web-based diary had great potential to improve data quality. Based on the Field Test results, we provided recommendations to create more user-friendly reporting modalities that were less burdensome to respondents. Over the 7-day collection periods, Westat gathered a wealth of dietary intake research of value to USDA.

In addition, our team offered suggestions on how to ensure FoodAPS-2 would produce the critical information needed to achieve USDA’s goal to help Americans consume healthy diets.